Why do these webcam videos appear in this particular order?

[Source: https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/201362323-Adjusting-your-video-layout-during-a-virtual-meeting]

The good folks at the MIT Teaching and Learning Lab have taken serious consideration of the algorithm Zoom uses to determine the order of webcams in Zoom’s gallery view (Rankin & MacDowell, n.d.).

1. The initial video placement is determined by order of arrival, with the most recent arrivals first. Those with their webcams on will be first; those with webcams off will be last.

    

2. Every time a person speaks, their video pops to the top left of the screen.

The MIT Teaching and Learning Lab staff ask us to consider these three questions.

• “If less vocal students only see a subset of more vocal students on their first screen, what message does this send about who is more or less valued in the class?”

We know that our more vocal students are more likely to be male (Lee & Mccabe, 2021; Wang, 2016) and white (Wang, 2016) and to have been raised in the middle or upper class (Markus & Conner, 2013).

• “If the students that speak most often are from a particular demographic…what unintended message might this send about who does or doesn’t belong in your classroom?”
• “How might Zoom’s algorithm impact the perceived composition of the class if students see one particular group being dominantly represented onscreen? For underrepresented students, this can exacerbate feelings of stereotype threat.” And I’d add, feelings of being an impostor (Jaremka et al., 2020).

Override Zoom’s gallery view algorithm

Rather than have the most vocal students appearing at the top of the screen, we can change Zoom’s settings so that everyone’s webcam videos do not move.

Open your Zoom room, click View in the top right corner, and choose Gallery. Click and drag one video screen to a different spot. For example, in the screenshot below, I clicked and dragged my video screen to the left. Click on View again, and now you’ll be able to click on “Follow Host’s Video Order.” Your meeting participants will see everyone in the exact same order you do—whatever order you put them in. All video feeds will now remain in these spots.

Strategies for increasing student participation

Making Zoom’s gallery view static is not going to stop your most vocal students from being the most vocal, but at least they won’t dominate the “front” of the classroom.

The MIT Teaching and Learning Lab article suggests four strategies for increasing student participation.

• “Providing ‘wait time’ before calling on a student to answer a question. This gives students the opportunity to formulate their responses before speaking”
• “Enforcing hand-raising.  This will help ensure that not only students who are comfortable jumping in have opportunities to provide comments”
• “Requiring multiple raised hands (e.g., Require that at least 3 students have raised their hands to respond before you will call on a student. This will allow you to call on students who are not the most frequent and/or fastest responders.)”
• “Calling randomly on students (e.g., Use index cards with students’ names and be explicit about what you are doing and why to bring more student voices into the classroom interactions. The random aspect of this strategy can help minimize students’ sense that any student is being ‘singled out,’ positively or negatively.”

These strategies came from a freely-available article they recommend: “Structure matters: Twenty-one teaching strategies to promote student engagement and cultivate classroom equity” (Tanner, 2013).

References

Jaremka, L. M., Ackerman, J. M., Gawronski, B., Rule, N. O., Sweeny, K., Tropp, L. R., Metz, M. A., Molina, L., Ryan, W. S., & Vick, S. B. (2020). Common academic experiences no one talks about: Repeated rejection, impostor syndrome, and burnout. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(3), 519–543. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619898848

Lee, J. J., & Mccabe, J. M. (2021). Who speaks and who listens: Revisiting the chilly climate in college classrooms. Gender & Society, 35(1), 32–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243220977141

Markus, H. R., & Conner, A. (2013). Culture clash: How to thrive in a multicultural world. Penguin.

Rankin, J., & MacDowell, R. (n.d.). How to overcome Zoom’s algorithmic bias. MIT Teaching and Learning Lab. Retrieved April 11, 2022, from https://tll.mit.edu/how-to-overcome-zooms-algorithmic-bias/

Tanner, K. D. (2013). Structure matters: Twenty-one teaching strategies to promote student engagement and cultivate classroom equity. CBE—Life Sciences Education, 12(3), 322–331. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.13-06-0115

Wang, S. (2016, November 3). Comfort speaking in class varies with gender, ethnicity. The Brown Daily Herald. https://www.browndailyherald.com/article/2016/11/comfort-speaking-in-class-varies-with-gender-ethnicity

I have a colleague who emailed recently needing a transcript from a podcast episode. How could she get one? It’s surprisingly easy.

If you do not already have the file (mp3/m4a/wav—or mp4 if it’s a video), you’ll need to get it.

Step 1: Download the recording’s file

I use a Firefox browser add-on called Video DownloadHelper. For Chrome, try CocoCut. Visit the website that hosts the recording. The browser add-on icon will change when it detects a file it can download. The Video DownloadHelper and CocoCut icons will go from black and white to color. If the add-on doesn’t turn color, try playing the recording on the website. That will help the add-on see that there is an audio or video file it can download. Once the browser icon changes color, click the icon. The audio or video file will be downloaded to your computer. (Unless it’s YouTube. YouTube specifically blocks browser downloaders from working.)

If the downloaded file is something other than mp3, m4a, wav, or mp4, visit cloudconvert.com to convert the file to one of those formats.

Step 2: Get the transcription from Office 365 Word

Go to office.com, and log into your work or “premium” ($6.99/month) Office 365 account. With either kind of account, you get 300 minutes of transcription per month. If you’re doing a lot of transcription—say, up to 6,000 minutes each month—take a look at Otter.ai for $8.33/month.

Open a new document. On the Home ribbon, click the down arrow next to Dictate and select Transcribe.

A panel will slide out on the right side of your screen. Click “Upload audio” to upload the audio or video file.

Once completed, you will see the transcription on the right side of your screen. The transcription remains attached to whatever document you had open when you asked Word to do the transcription.

If you know the names of the speakers, you can change them. Mouse over one of the time stamps, click the pencil icon. Type in the name of the speaker. Be sure to check the “Change all Speaker [x]” box.

If the sound quality of the audio is pretty good, Word should do fine with the transcription. It’s probably worth a proof listen, though. Click the play button in the transcription box. As the recording plays, the related transcription will be editable.

When you’re happy with the transcription, click the “Add to document” button at the bottom of the transcription pane. Choose whether you want just the text, the text and speakers, the text and timestamps, or the text, speakers, and timestamps.

Accent considerations

How does Word transcription do with accented English? I downloaded this audio file from the Speech Accent Archive and ran it through Word’s transcription. The transcription was spot on.

In Zoom 5.10.0 (released March 21, 2022), we have some new features that instructors and their students might appreciate. This release is a manual download. Get it here.

First, animal avatars. You can find the menu next to virtual backgrounds and video filters. Mouse over each avatar to see what the Zoom developers think it is. I’m pretty sure that what they call a grizzly bear (last one in the second row and first in the third row) is a groundhog.

If you’ve used Zoom’s video filters to, for example, wear a virtual hat or glasses, you’ve experienced Zoom’s facial detection software. They’re using the same technology here, but instead of just virtual glasses that stay on your virtual face, you have an entire animal superimposed on your head. As your head, mouth, eyes, and nose move, so do those of your animal avatar.

Here’s the first million dollar question for all of you instructors who are looking at the blank video screens of your students: If your students could replace their faces with an animal avatar, would they be willing to turn on their webcams? And the second million dollar question: Would you prefer to teach a bunch of animals or blank video screens?

Other features

For those who assign students to the same breakout rooms time after time, when creating the breakout rooms you’ll be asked if you’d like to retain the settings. This is only available for recurring meetings, not for your regular Zoom room.

When students are in breakout rooms, we can share our screen to those breakout rooms, and on that shared screen we can play audio and video. On the share screen page, check the “Share sound,” “Optimize for video clip,” and “Share to breakout rooms” boxes.

You can find the full list of updates here. As a quick note, be aware that when Zoom talks about “Chat features,” they do not meet the in-meeting chat. They mean Zoom Chat. It’s Zoom’s built-in chat functionality that is completely separate from the in-meeting chat.

For Windows users, there is free collection of utilities called PowerToys that add some functionality to Windows. While there are a dozen tools in PowerToys, there are two I’m particularly enamored with: mouse utilities and video conference mute.

Working with two or three screens, it can be a challenge to find my mouse pointer. Frankly, I’m tired of moving my mouse around and glancing from screen to screen hoping to catch the movement. With mouse utilities, pressing the left CTRL button on my keyboard twice darkens all screens and gives my pointer a spotlight. In the screenshot below, my mouse pointer was in the center of this circle. Because my screen capture tool doesn’t capture the mouse pointer, we’ll have to pretend that the poorly drawn red arrow is my mouse pointer. Clicking a mouse button removes the spotlight.  

The second tool I use from the PowerToys suite is video conference mute. Regardless of the conference app, on the keyboard, pressing WINDOWS + SHIFT + Q instantly turns off the microphone and the camera.

These are the other tools that may be useful to me, but I haven’t had occasion to use them yet.

Always on Top: Pin a window so that it remains on top of other windows

FancyZones: Create a layout for the different windows that you have open, and then quickly enable that layout whenever you need it.

ImageResizer: Resize a bunch of images in one fell swoop.

PowerRename: Change the names on a bunch of files, also in one fell swoop.

Shortcut Guide: With a keyboard shortcut, you can view all of the keyboard shortcuts available for a particular window.

The remaining tools as of this writing are:

PowerToys Awake: Keep your computer from going to sleep.

Color Picker: Get the color code (HEX, RGB, or HSL) for any pixel on your screen.

Keyboard Manager: Remap any key on your keyboard. Caution: Do this only if you have a very good reason.

PowerToys Run: This looks to be a quick search tool for your computer’s files, folders, and programs.

File Explorer add-ons: Preview uncommon file types in file explorer. One file type it lists is pdfs, however, Microsoft has added this functionality to file explorer. No need to use PowerToys to preview pdfs.

Because they add utilities to this suite, by the time you read this, there may be more options available than listed in this blog post.

Seriously, if you have more than one screen, being able to spotlight your mouse pointer will be a game changer.

Zoom has new question options available on in the latest version 5.8.3. This version is not an automatic update, so you’ll need to download it manually.

Account owners and admins can enable advanced polling to allow meeting hosts to build advanced polls or quizzes that contain multiple question/answer types, allow for images, and automatically record answers. New question/answer types include match combinations, rank answers, and fill in the blank. This feature requires version 5.8.3 or higher and currently must be enabled by Zoom. (https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/201361953)

But big caveat: “Users using older versions of Zoom will not be able to participate in polls with new question types or take quizzes.” Anyone in your Zoom meeting who is not using an updated version of Zoom will not be able to answer the new question types. These question

To turn on the new poll options, go to settings by logging in at zoom.us. In the “In Meeting (Basic),” find “Meeting Polls/Quizzes.” Make sure the toggle switch to the right is set to on (blue), check the box next to “Allow host to create advanced polls and quizzes,” and click Save.

New question options are matching, rank order, short answer, and long answer.

We can make it a quiz, if we’d like. That allows us to include several questions in one quiz. For non-text-based questions, we must identify the correct answers.

One of the advantages of using the Canvas learning management system is that it is built on a platform that makes it easy to make it do things that its inherent programming doesn’t allow it to do. By “easy,” I mean easy for those who know how to write the scripts and easier for us who only need to install the scripts others have written.

Using a web browser add-in called Tampermonkey (yes, it is called Tampermonkey; download for Chrome; download for Firefox), we can run scripts in your browser that will change how Canvas behaves. For example, there is a Tampermonkey script that allows you to export data from your scored rubrics. There is a speedgrader enhancement that allows you to click one button to submit a comment and advance to the next student. There is another Tampermonkey script that allows you to reorder the criteria in a rubric. Yet another script allows you to add custom columns to your gradebook; I’ve added “preferred name,” “fun facts,” “challenges,” and “major” to mine.

The good folks at the University of Colorado Boulder’s Office of Information Technology (OIT) have a page that lists many Canvas enhancements. After you’ve installed Tampermonkey, take a look at their page. When you find an OIT-provided enhancement you’d like, click the “Using <name of enhancement>” bar directly under the enhancement’s description. Click the link to the “<name of enhancement> source page”. On that page, click the Install button. Done. You are good to go.

For example, I have installed the OIT Custom Columns Manager. When I visit my Canvas gradebook, I have two new buttons: + Column and Delete Column. Also, I can see the Tampermonkey icon in my browser’s add-on bar has the number 1 on it. That means that Tampermonkey is running one script on this page.

At the bottom of the OIT Canvas Enhancements page is a section titled “Community-Provided Enhancements.” Many of these scripts have been written by James Jones, a Canvas master (visit his GitHub page to access all of his scripts).

A quick troubleshooting note. Some Canvas courses are hosted by Canvas’s parent company Instructure. Those courses have an instructure.com web address. Other courses are hosted by institutions. Those courses have a canvas.xxx.edu web address. Since the scripts run on webpages, the scripts have to have a web address included in them so Tampermonkey knows when it should run a particular script. Click on the Tampermonkey icon in your browser and select Dashboard. Click on the script name to see the code.

Near the top of the OIT script for the Custom Column Manager, we see this:

// @include https://canvas.*.edu/*/gradebook
// @include https://*.*instructure.com/*/gradebook

This means that the script will run on both website sources.

Some of the community-provided enhancements, though, only have the instructure.com line. If your instance of Canvas is at instructure.com, you’re good to go. For the rest of us, we need to add the line:

// @include https://canvas.*.edu/*/gradebook [The ending of the url will be different depending on the script. Just make sure the ending matches the ending of the instructure.com line.]

One more caveat. If you use Canvas on, say, your home computer and your work computer, you will need to install Tampermonkey and whatever scripts you’re using on both computers. And if you move back and forth between Chrome and Firefox, again, you’ll need to add the scripts to both browsers.

If you run into any trouble, email me at sue@suefrantz.com.

Here are the scripts I have installed, if you’re looking for a starting place. Highly recommended: All Courses Sort, Custom Column Manager, Export Rubric Scores (a wealth of assessment data), and Sort a Rubric.

Some people, for a large number of reasons, have an easier time understanding written content when it is read aloud. The course management systems are getting better at this—such as Canvas’s Immersive Reader—but they still have a ways to go. Immersive Reader, for example, at the time of this writing does not work with discussions or quizzes.

The web browser add-in Read Aloud for Firefox (download here) and Chrome (download here) does a pretty good job at reading text on a webpage. After Read Aloud is installed, navigate to any webpage and click the newly-added loud speaker icon on your browser’s add-in bar. The pop up will show you what Read Aloud will be reading. Press the play button to start.

Pressing the stop button at the top of the Read Aloud pop up will get you a smaller pop up where you can access settings.

Voice options include Google Translate, but don’t bother. When I chose Spanish, only the numbers and symbols were rendered in Spanish. Everything else was read aloud in English, albeit by a Spanish-accented speaker.

Set the speed, the pitch, and the volume according to your preferences. Text highlighting may or may not be aligned with what Read Aloud is reading. If you find the highlighting distracting, turn it off.

Let’s start with the easiest solution.

Browser bookmarks bar

Your web browser bookmarks bar sits directly under the search/web address bar.

If it’s not there, turn it on. In Firefox, click the 3-line icon in the top right corner of the window. Click on bookmarks. Select “Show bookmarks bar.” To turn it on in Chrome, it’s the exact same process, except it’s a 3-dot icon, not a 3-line icon.

Or, in Firefox, right-click in any empty space to the right of the search/web address bar. Mouse over Bookmarks Toolbar and select Always Show.

To add bookmarks, visit the page you want to bookmark, highlight the url, click and drag to the bookmarks bar. The bookmark will be named whatever the webmaster for that page named it. Whatever it is, it’s probably too long or not descriptive enough for you to use. Right-click on your newly added bookmark, and click “edit bookmark” in Firefox or simply “edit” in Chrome. Rename it with whatever works for you.

Folders

Once you’ve added a bunch of bookmarks, you may exceed the horizontal capacity of your bookmarks bar. You can still access the ones that have fallen off to the right by clicking the double arrow icon on the far right.

Using folders, though, would be better. In my Firefox bookmarks bar, I have two website bookmarks and eight folders.

Clicking on my Psych320 folder, I see that I have three bookmarks there: the first link goes to my Psych 320 main Canvas, the second goes to my Psych 320 new announcement page, and the third goes to my Psych 320 gradebook page. If I click “Open All in Tabs,” all three pages will open, each in a new tab.

Other bookmarks solutions

With the start.me browser add-in (Firefox and Chrome), all kinds of content can be added to a new browser tab, including bookmarks. With your free start.me account, your start.me content will sync between Firefox and Chrome. Want your new tab content on your mobile device? Add start.me to your Android (search for it in Google Play) or iOS (Apple; instructions here) device.

If you’d rather keep all of your bookmarks on a webpage, a bookmark website like https://booky.io/ may be for you.

I’m also a fan of Shortmarks. When I type into my browser search bar the letter h, Highline’s homepage appears. When I type w, followed by a search term, the search results from Wikipedia appear. If that sounds useful to you, see instructions here. I’ve been using Shortmarks for 10 years, and the interface has not changed at all. But then it hasn’t needed to. Want help getting it set up? Email me or make an appointment with through the EdTech Bookings site.

Finally, if you are using Phrase Express, you create keyboard shortcuts that will open a webpage.

Chrome for Windows now has live captioning. (The same functionality is coming for Chrome for Macs.) For any video you play in Chrome, you can display captions for that video even if the video itself is not captioned. Chrome “listens” to the audio and captions as the audio plays.

This video was recorded in my pre-pandemic classroom using Panopto. Here, using Chrome, I’m playing the video from inside Canvas—our learning management system. At the bottom of the image you can see “Live Caption.” During this lecture, I was talking about interleaving and consecutive tasks. I know, because the caption reads, “Either the interleaved or consecutive tasks…”

Turn on Chrome Live Caption

Open Chrome. Paste this in the address bar and press enter: chrome://settings/accessibility

Flip the Live Caption toggle to blue. You can try setting your “Caption preferences” in Windows by clicking the boxed-arrow icon. My preferences weren’t recognized by either Canvas or YouTube. No harm in trying it, though.

That’s it.

Now, with Chrome, any website you visit that has an embedded video will display live captions. Unsurprisingly, the better the audio, the better the captioning.

Friends and colleagues,

I’m exploring offering Zoom-based Technology for Academics online workshops as a professional development opportunity. Each workshop would be limited to 10 to 15 participants, be no longer than 60 to 90 minutes including hands-on practice time, and would feature a tool especially useful to instructors.

For example, one workshop—Grading Hacks #1—would be an introduction to the text expander, Phrase Express. Using this tool to create keyboard shortcuts for long words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs that you use frequently will greatly reduce the time it takes you to reply to email and to mark student assignments. By the end of the workshop, you will have created several such shortcuts.

Grading Hacks #2 would cover clipboard managers. Between Phrase Express and a good clipboard manager, the time it takes you to score student assignments will be much less than the time it is taking you now. And the quality of your feedback will be better.

Inbox Zero: Getting There and Staying There would provide you with step-by-step instructions that will clear the thousands of messages out of your inbox by the end of the 60-minute workshop. And you will get to try out some strategies that will keep it that way.

For managing pdfs and citations, another workshop could feature Mendeley.

For tracking changes you would like to make to your courses, Trello and Inoreader work great together, so a workshop would get you set up with those.

If any of these workshops sound interesting to you—or if you have ideas for other workshops—please complete this 3-question form.

Thanks!