To determine whether you can use something without violating copyright, you need to answer four questions. Keep in mind that all four answers are on a continuum. It all comes down to the strength of your argument. Please see the
U.S. Copyright Office’s page on fair use for more information.

The PANE Test

Nature
of work. What kind of content are you using? Is it more creative or more factual? Copying from a creative work—such as a novel—is more likely to be viewed as a violation of copyright than, say, copying from a factual work—such as a business report. Journal articles are considered a creative work because new information is being created.

Examples

1. You want to use a cartoon you found at gocomics.com to illustrate a concept during class.
   

   green here.
   

   red
   here.
   

   red
   here.
   

   red
   here, you’re at least in the pink.
   

   Before you delete all of your gocomics.com cartoons from your presentation, let’s do a little research. Gocomics.com has in their FAQ a
   page on educational use of their cartoons. In that FAQ, you’ll read that “you may use up to seven (7) cartoons per year at no costs (sic) as part of our fair use policy,” and that includes overheads—which tells you how long ago the content on this page was written.
   

   
   

2.               You want to make some chapters from a textbook available to your students as free, downloadable pdfs in your learning management system.

green here.

red
here. If you’re using just one chapter, you may be on safer ground, especially if that one chapter is just to help students get through the first week of classes while they wait for their textbook to arrive. See economic impact.

red
here.

red
here.

3.               You’re showing an entire TV show episode or movie from Netflix to your class via Zoom.

green here.

red
here.

red
here.

red
here. 

One option is to use just a small clip from the video. Another option is to work with your librarians to get a copy of the video that you can use in class. College libraries play under some different copyright rules. Our library video licenses come with permission to show the videos to classes. Your Netflix subscription does not.

The final say

Since I posted about Dot cards a couple weeks ago, they’ve added a new feature called dot.Exchange. If you’re not already familiar with Dot cards, please read that previous blog post first. The rest of this will make much more sense.

After you tap your Dot card on the back of someone’s phone, and they launch their phone’s browser to view your Dot card profile page, they’ll see this double-arrow button.

Tapping the double-arrow button generates this pop-up. Your new friend can enter their contact information. When they press the Exchange button, they’ll be asked if they want Dot cards to use their phone’s gps to add a location.

This is the email Dot card immediately sent me.

Everyone who adds their contact information this way will be added to my Dot card contacts.

Clicking on Snoopy in my Dot card contacts gives me Snoopy’s contact info along with ways to contact him, the ability to set up a follow up reminder, and the option add a personal note (perhaps describing Snoopy as a kid with a big nose).

Saving Snoopy’s contact info in my Google contacts was pretty simple. From my phone, I tapped on the 3-dot menu icon and selected Download. When I opened the downloaded file, my phone showed me Snoopy’s information with an Import button at the bottom of the screen. I clicked Import, and my phone asked me where I wanted to import it. My Google account—where all of my contacts are stored—was an option.

Snoopy also got an email from Dot card. For Snoopy’s email address, I entered my college address. My college sent it to junk mail, so I had to fish it out of there. I don’t know if the filter grabbed it because the message came from Dot card or because Snoopy was in the message. Your mileage may vary.

Snoopy’s email message included the means to download my contact information, the same buttons I got for texting, calling, and emailing. Snoopy also got a button for viewing my profile again.

One last note about this new dot.Exchange feature. On your Dot card contacts page, in the top right corner is a gear icon. There are three settings option. The first and last are turned on by default. If you turn on Quick Capture Mode, as soon as your new friend opens their phone’s browser, the form where they can enter their contact information immediately comes up. New friends may be hesitant to enter their contact information (“Where is this going?!”) before they even see yours. I’m going to leave Quick Capture Mode off. I’m okay with my new friends seeing (and saving) all of my information first, and then I can suggest they click the double-arrow button to share their information with me.

The next time you see me at a conference, hold up your Dot card, and we’ll exchange info. Don’t have a Dot card, yet? Order one here for a one-time cost of $20.

I want to pronounce the names of others how they want them pronounced, and I assume that others feel the same way about my name—that they want to pronounce it as I pronounce it. Let’s make it easy for everyone and put a “hear my name” badge in our email signatures, in our learning management systems, and on our dot cards. The free service called NameCoach makes this easy.

This is what my NameCoach icon looks like in my email signature.

I’ve embedded the clickable button in this blog post. Click on it.

My NameCoach webpage will open. Click the speaker icon next to my name to hear a recording of me speaking my name. That’s it. Slick, eh?

If you don’t want to use the button, you don’t have to. The button is just an image that you link to your own NameCoach webpage. Here’s a direct link to my NameCoach web address: https://www.name-coach.com/sue-frantz.

Creating your own NameCoach profile

To get started, go to the NameCoach login page. In the top right corner, click the sign up button. Signing up as an individual is fine.

Fill out the form, which includes creating an audio recording of your name. There are three options for doing an audio recording. 1.) Phone: enter your phone number and their automated system will call you. 2.) Web recorder: press the record button. And for the DIYers, 3.) Uploader: upload your own recording.

Everything you enter on this form can be edited later, including your recording.

Using NameCoach

After you’ve created your profile, go to your “My NameBadge” page.

At the top of this page, you’ll see largely what others will see: your name, the speaker icon to listen to your name, pronunciation notes if you included them, and gender pronouns if you included them.

Below this section, you can share additional information about where your name came from (mine: Germany, probably Rhineland), what your name means (mine: free/Frenchman, if the internet is to be trusted), or a funny or interesting story about your name (mine: I’ve got nothing).

In the next section, from the “Publish your Namebadge” tab, click “Customize Link.” Change the end of your profile url into something that’s more you. If wonder-woman is available, claim it.

Next, click on the “Add Namebadge to your Email Signature” tab. This tab is really just about copying the button—with or without—text. After copying your preferred button, you can paste it anywhere, not just in your email signature. This is how I copied the button that pasted at the top of this post.

That’s it. You are now good to go.

Any time you want to make changes to your NameCoach page, just follow the link in your signature to get to your public profile page, click the login button, and log in.

Are you ready to stop carrying around business cards? Or, perhaps more accurately, are you ready to stop forgetting your business cards at home?

I just got back from the American Psychological Association’s 2023 convention where I made liberal use of my business card replacement. A Dot card is the size and thickness of a credit card and has a one-time cost of $20.

When you want someone to have your contact information, you place your Dot card against the back of the other person’s unlocked phone. If their phone is NFC-compatible and if NFC is enabled, a pop-up will appear on their phone. (On iPhones, the NFC scanner is near the camera; on Android, it’s near the center of the phone.) If the pop-up doesn’t appear, flip your Dot card over, and they can use their phone’s camera to scan your card’s QR code.

When the person taps the pop-up, their phone will ask if they want to open the link using their browser. Yes, yes they do. That link will open your customizable Dot card profile page. You can add, remove, or change information on your profile page whenever you would like.

Here is the top part of what people see when I tap my Dot card on the back of their phone or if they scan my Dot card’s QR code.

In addition to my email addresses and phone number, my Dot card profile also includes links to my Intro Psych textbook, the Teaching Psychology book I co-authored with Doug Bernstein and Steve Chew, my Macmillan Communities teaching psychology blog, and this Technology for Academics blog. Oh, and my Venmo info.

The recipient can save this information to their phone’s contacts by tapping the Save Contact button. If all of the information does not come in, then they can look for your dot card profile web address under your entry in their contacts.

I use my Dot card for personal and professional contacts. If I wanted a Dot card that I could use with students, I would order a second card and that would allow me to create a second Dot profile page that would contain information more appropriate for my students.

Dot also makes stickers that you can affix to the back of your phone. Those only work when the other person has an NFC-enabled phone, though. The advantage of the card is that it includes a QR code on the back as a back-up. At this most recent convention, I did encounter a few phones where we had to use the QR code.

Updated Saturday, August 19, 2023: See this blog post on a new Dot card feature called dot.Exchange.

Special shout out to Garth Neufeld for introducing me to Dot cards!

Using AI to detect AI feels like a little like the start of the robot wars. Yet here we are.

The makers of GPTZero—the ChatGPT/AI detector—have released a Chrome extension (from your Chrome browser, download it here).

Once you have added Origin by GPTZero extension to Chrome, visit any webpage, such as an assignment in your course management system. Highlight the text you want to check for the likelihood the text was written by AI. You need to highlight at least 250 characters.

Right click on the text, and select “Scan text with Origin.”

GPTZero’s Origin extension will generate a popup that will produce its conclusion.

In the bottom right corner of every webpage, you will now see the Origin icon. Instead of using the right-click menu, you can copy the text, click the Origin icon, paste the text into the Origin box, then click “Origin check.”

A couple thoughts on student use of AI.

1. Some instructors are asking students to use ChatGPT to generate answers to questions, and then asking students to critique ChatGPT’s answers.
2. Some instructors are telling students that they will be using tools like GPTZero to evaluate the likelihood that the student’s submitted work was AI-generated. Instructors are encouraging students to use GPTZero to evaluate their work before submitting it. If a student did use AI to do their work, the student’s challenge is now to rewrite the AI’s answer to sound more human. Students may decide that that’s more work than doing their own writing from the start.

In what feels like eons ago, I wrote a blog post on protecting your data when in public. I looked up that post. I published it on January 20, 2020, just three months before most of us stopped going out in public. Good timing, eh? Now that most people are out and about, here is that post again revised with updated information from the FBI regarding juice hacking. Read on!

USB condoms

Let’s start with USB condoms, because, frankly, that’s why you decided to read this post. It’s okay to be honest. We’re friends.

The cable you use to charge your phone and your tablet serve as both a power cable and a data cable. Electricity and information flow through this same cable. As long as you are home, you are safe. When you venture out into public, however…

Let’s say you’re at the airport with a long layover and a low phone battery. You plug your USB cable into one of those now-ubiquitous charging stations. Unfortunately, someone with nefarious intent has been there before you. Once you plug in your USB cable, the nefarious person begins to steal any data that flows through your cable, such as passwords, or sends malware to your phone.

This is called juice jacking, and the FBI officially recommends not using USB outlets in public spaces.

Option 1. Do what the FBI recommends, and don’t use public USB outlets (including in your hotel room). Instead, use your device’s charge adapter and only plug into electrical outlets.

Option 2. Use a charge-only cable rather than a data/charge cable. It took some effort to find the right search term for Amazon to give me what I was looking for. I had success with “usb data blocker charge cable.”

Option 3: Use a USB data blocker adapter. A USB condom, if you will. Plug your USB cable into a device that’s about the size of a flashdrive then plug the device into a public USB outlet. You can purchase two PortaPow Data Blockers from Amazon for about $10.

Another risk

In addition to juice hacking there is a lot of risk with using public wifi. Every time you connect to public wifi, such as at a coffee shop or airport, a nefarious person may be lurking on that same wifi. With the right skills that nefarious person could swipe any data you send over that connection, such as your login names and passwords.

VPNs

Like a USB data blocker, you can put a layer of protection between you and public wifi. In this case, the solution is software, not hardware.

A virtual private network (VPN) is well, a kind of private network. After installing the VPN on each of your devices (phone, tablet, laptop – anything that may leave your home and connect to the Internet), every time you connect to public wifi, sign into your VPN with your username and password. That login provides the layer of protection you need. All of the information flowing between your device and the Internet will be encrypted. No one can read it without knowing your VPN username and password.

There are several very good VPNs out there. I use Private Internet Access (PIA), but ExpressVPN is always on the lists of excellent VPNs. A good VPN costs a few dollars a month, but most occasionally run big sales or offer year-long or multi-year purchases. You can install the VPN on all of your devices, but there is a limit to how many devices can connect to the VPN simultaneously from that same account. There are free VPNs, but they may not be as fast or may limit how much data you can send through their servers each month. If you want to go that route, I recommend checking out Hotspot Shield Free or TunnelBear.

On your device, when you connect to a VPN, you can choose where the server is that you’d like to connect through. Going through a VPN will always be slower than traveling the Internet naked. The VPN is a password protected gateway. You first have to go through the gate, don your virtual hazmat suit, and then head out to the Internet. It takes a little bit of time to do that.

For fastest speeds, connect through a server that’s physically closest to you. From my home router, I generally don’t use a VPN. My password protected router gives me the shielding that I need. Here are some sample Internet speeds I just ran today; check yours with Speedtest.net.

From my home router without a VPN: download speed was 113 Mbps; upload speed was 12Mbps

Connected to PIA VPN going through server in Denver, closest to where I live: download 42 Mbps; upload 11 Mbps

You can connect to servers just about anywhere in the world. This is very handy if you’re traveling in, say, Europe, and want to spend an evening watching Netflix. You may, though, only watch Netflix shows for a European audience. If you want access to all of the Netflix shows you watch in the United States, you can use a VPN, and choose a server location in the United States. Netflix will think your device is in, say, Chicago even though you and your device are actually in Vienna. If you intend to use your VPN in this way, choose ExpressVPN as your VPN provider. Netflix isn’t fooled by all VPNs, but ExpressVPN, at least as of this writing, can pull it off. (Here is a short list of other VPNs that can, too.) ExpressVPN is a little more expensive than other VPNs; you get what you pay for.

Travel router

If you travel a lot and are frequently connecting several devices to, say, a hotel’s wifi, it can be a hassle. You (and your spouse, and your kids) have to connect each of your devices, and then—as you now know—run a VPN on each of your devices. Some hotels limit the number of devices that can connect to their wifi. One hotel I stayed in had a limit of six devices. Since it was just me, I came in well under their limit. If I added my wife and a couple teenagers (fyi, I don’t have any teenagers, and, no, I don’t want yours), we’d easily be over the six-device limit.

Consider purchasing a travel router. The travel router connects to the hotel wifi just like any device does. The router works by adding a new password-protected wifi signal. My travel router uses the same name and password as our home wifi. As soon as the travel router is up and running, all of my devices see the home wifi name and will connect to it automatically. And what about that hotel device limit? The hotel sees the travel router as one device; it won’t see all of the devices connected to the router.

With a travel router, there is no need to use a VPN since it comes with the built-in protection of a username and password and encryption. (If your router doesn’t come with encryption automatically enabled, enable it.)

I use the TP-Link N300 travel router. Setting up the software and connecting can be intimidating, although TP-Link’s Tether app for phones makes setup and connecting much easier. It’s been five years since I bought it, and other travel routers have since come on the market. Try this GL.iNet travel router for about the same price.

A number of years ago, I wrote about password security. Still, the number one threat to your online security are your passwords. Strong, unique passwords for every site you log into will provide you with the best protection. In that post I advised using a password manager. I still do. Here are PCMagazine’s recommendations. For your most important sites—such as banking and email—use two-factor authentication. If someone does get your password, they still won’t be able to log in without access to, say, your phone.

VPNs, travel routers, and data blockers keep your passwords protected as they flow from your device out onto the Internet.

Stay safe out there.

Anyone who does research writing needs a pdf and citation manager. I had been a fan of Mendeley until they were bought by Elsevier who changed the code in a way that made it no longer usable for me. Those issues may be fixed now, but it’s too late. I’ve thrown my lot in with Zotero.

Every research writer needs a place to store and annotate their pdfs. Writers also need a way to quickly add properly formatted citations to a text. Zotero does both. Are you collaborating with a co-author? Zotero can handle your shared resources.

We would need a two-hour workshop to cover everything that Zotero can do. In this blog post, I won’t cover everything. If you’re a webinar kind of person, check out Zotero’s free webinars. If you’re a video tutorial kind of person, check out these community-created Zotero tutorials. For now, I want to show you how to get started with—and add references to—Zotero.

Getting started with Zotero

After installing Zotero, get the plugin for your preferred word processor: Word, LibreOffice, Google Docs. Next, add the Zotero Connector to your preferred web browser: Firefox, Chrome, Safari.

The plugin for your word processor will allow you to click a button to search and add a reference. The in-text citation will be added, and when you click the Zotero button to add the bibliography, all of the citations you’ve added to your paper will be properly formatted according to whatever citation style you select.

Adding reference items to Zotero

To add citations to a paper, you first need to get the citation information into your Zotero database. There are (at least) four ways to do it.

Zotero Connector—the add-in for your web browser—will allow you to save any webpage to your Zotero database. If you are in your library’s database viewing an article, click the Zotero button in your web browser to automatically download the pdf to your computer, store it in your Zotero database, and pull the article’s metadata into Zotero’s bibliographic fields.

In this example, I found an article in my library’s database and clicked the Zotero Connector icon in Chrome. I got a little pop-up asking me which of my Zotero folders I’d like to save the article to. I chose my Demo folder. There is no save button here; Zotero will handle the download on its own.

Over in Zotero, in my Demo folder is the article, including a full text pdf. Clicking on that pdf will open it in a new Zotero tab where I can add notes. All of the metadata from the pdf has been populated into Zotero’s bibliographic fields. Always double-check these data. The most common issue is that some journals routinely capitalize every word in the title. If that happens, click on the title and edit the capitalization. When you’re done editing, click off the field, and Zotero will save your changes.

A second way to get a pdf into Zotero is to locate the pdf on computer and then click and drag it onto a Zotero folder. Any metadata in the pdf will automatically populate Zotero’s bibliographic fields.

A third way to add bibliographic information is to use Zotero’s magic wand—the “add item(s) by identifier” icon. Try this. Navigate to whichever Zotero folder you’d like to add an item to. Click on the magic wand icon, and copy/paste this doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280036

Zotero will automatically add the item with its bibliographic data to your folder. Zotero will also search for a pdf of the article. If it can find it, it will add the pdf to the item as it will in this case. If Zotero doesn’t bring in the pdf automatically, right click on the item, and in the pop-up menu, you can ask Zotero to search for a pdf. If Zotero can’t find a pdf, but you find one later, click and drag the pdf from your computer onto the item title in Zotero. Zotero will attach it to that entry.

A fourth way to add an item to your Zotero folder is manually. Choose the Zotero folder you’d like to add the entry to, click Zotero’s “add item” button, select the type of entry you’d like to add, and then fill in the fields.

Adding citations to your paper

With the bibliographic information in (regardless of which four techniques I used), I can now use the Zotero “Add/Edit Citation” button in my word processor (Word, LibreOffice, Google Docs) to quickly add the citation to my research paper, then click the “Add/Edit Bibliography” to get all of the full references listed. If you notice an error in your reference list, go to Zotero and fix the bibliographic information for the item(s). Come back to your paper and click the “Refresh” button. The in-text citations and the reference list will be updated to reflect your changes.

For those of you who use Zotero as your go-to pdf and reference manager, you may have encountered problems with citing advance online publications as needed in APA style. I’ve learned the secret. Here’s the citation I am aiming to create using Zotero

Kumar, A., & Epley, N. (2022). A little good goes an unexpectedly long way: Underestimating the positive impact of kindness on recipients. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001271

To get that “Advance online publication” inserted before the doi, find the Extra field in your Zotero citation. In that field, copy/paste this text: {:status: Advance online publication}

Click off the field to save it. That’s it. Zotero is now ready to produce your correctly formatted reference.

Side note, I found the answer in a 2016 Zotero forum. And that, my friends, is how far behind the times I am. In 2020, someone asked in the forum if there is now an easier way to do this. Nope, still isn’t.

As I get ready for next term, I’ve copied my fall Canvas course into next term’s course. My Trello “course reset” checklist tells me that I need to delete all of my course announcements. As of this writing, the only option Canvas gives me to do that is to manually click each box and then click the trashcan icon at the top of the page.

This seems unnecessarily cumbersome, but we have a couple workarounds.

Tampermonkey

If you have installed Tampermonkey, I recommend this userscript available via the Greasy Fork.

IMPORTANT: If you use this script, edit line 7 to read:

// @match https://*/courses/*/announcements

That will ensure that this script only runs on the announcements page and no other pages.

To check all of the checkboxes on your Announcements page, click on the Tampermonkey icon and select “Check all checkboxes.” If you change your mind, click on the Tampermonkey icon and select “Uncheck all checkboxes.” To delete your checked announcements, click the trashcan icon at the top of the Announcements page.

Browser’s developer console

If you don’t have Tampermonkey, consider exploring it on this blog’s Canvas Enhancements page. But if you’re not quite ready to go that route, here’s your workaround courtesy of Nico Durand via the Canvas Community.

In your browser (Firefox or Chrome), press CTRL + SHIFT + I to open your browser’s developer’s tools. You will see a scary box across the bottom of your browser. Click the Console tab. At the very bottom, next to the >>, paste in this code: document.querySelectorAll(“input”).forEach(e => e.click())

In Firefox, you may get a warning about allowing the pasting of text. Just type in the >> box whatever the screen tells you to enter. I think it’s just “Allow pasting.” And now you’ll be able to paste in the code.

Press Enter. All of your checkboxes will be selected. At the top of the Announcements page, click the trashcan icon to delete them all.

If you have updated Windows 11 recently, you have a new feature that will make your life a little easier. It comes without fanfare and therefore is easy to miss.

File explorer tabs

Open file explorer—that’s what you use to see your files and folders. At the very top of your file explorer window, you now have tabs. In this screenshot, you can see that I have one tab open: Dropbox. Clicking the plus sign to the right of that tab will open a new tab.

When I clicked the plus sign to open a new tab, I navigated to my Downloads folder. Dropbox is open in one tab, and Downloads in the other.

While it’s nice to be able to navigate between folders without having to have multiple file explorer windows open, here comes the magic. I can click and drag a file from one tab to another tab. Once I’m over that other tab, I can choose where in that folder I want to move the file.

Some of the nicest things in life are the simplest.

Office Tab

If you’re a fan of tabs, you might also enjoy having your Word, Excel, or PowerPoint files open as tabs instead of as separate windows.

While this feature is not built into Microsoft Office, there is a third party product for Windows that will do this called Office Tab. Download and try it for free for 30 days. After that, it is yours with a one-time purchase price of $39. That comes with two years’ worth of updates and tech support. I first wrote about Office Tab in 2011. Have you noticed how technology changes? Office Tab has a bunch of features now—including choosing a color for each tab and creating groups of files that can all be opened with one click. It’s probably time for a new blog post dedicated just to Office Tab.